Social Networking Sites ( Sns ) - 1207 Words

Have you heard of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap Chat, or Myspace? It is probably safe to say most of us have heard of one of these, if not all of these social networking sites (SNS). If by chance, you are unfamiliar with SNS, they are online based social exchange websites. Anyone can get a profile on anyone of the sites mentioned above with a valid email address, unless under the age of thirteen. (Phillips, 2007) SNS give an individual an area to create a profile, that allows them to place their picture, input personal data, update their statuses, post pictures, videos, and comment on others posts. Facebook for instance allows instant messaging, voice calling, and video calling from inside the Facebook profiles, to other Facebook users. People accept and deny requests from each other ultimately creating a circle of enmeshed groups of people with alike interests, locations, hobbies, beliefs, or â€Å"friends†. Adolescents being impressionable and impulsive in their behaviors already, having so much access to all kinds of different social taboos, risky behaviors, and unsupervised and unmonitored interactions, could be a detrimental thing to these youth. Has Facebook influenced adolescent high-risk behaviors? According to Statista.com (2015) as of the 3rd quarter of 2015 there is 1.55 billion active monthly Facebook users with Facebook being the most popular SNS worldwide. Lenhart (2015) states that 91% of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 have access to theShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Online Networking On Young Generation1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 3 2.0 Discussion 4 2.1 Extent Use of Social 7 2.2 Implications for Future Study 8 3.0 Research questions 9 4.0 Glossary of terms 10 5.0 References 11 6.0 Biblography 12 â€Æ' 1.0 Introduction New improvements in the scientific world have built the web a creative manner for individuals groups to broadcast. Online networking systems have made a wonder on the web that has earn demand over last ten years. Individuals use online networking sites, for example, Twitter, Myspace and Facebook toRead MoreA CASE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY ON FIRST- GENERATION COLLEGE STUDENTS‚Äà ´ EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS POST HIGH SCHOOL1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Impact of Social Networking Sites Usage on Student’s Academic Performance in Pakistan Abstract Purpose – This research paper examines the impact of the usage of social networking sites (SNS) on the academic performance of the students in universities. The impact has been studied in relation to three variables acting as moderators to the usage of social networking sites which in turn helps to enquire the variation of academic performance of the students regarding that usage. The Independent variableRead MoreIntelligence Survey Method1187 Words   |  5 Pagesand a Social Intelligence test. Secondary Data have been collected through various Journals, books internet which are restricted to the conceptual framework of the paper only. Sampling design The population has comprised of Higher Secondary School Students in Palakkad District. A convenient sampling size of 360 students of respondents has been selected using stratified random sampling. Tools SNS usage inventory developed and standardised by the investigator was used for getting the SNS usageRead MoreHow Personality Influences What Type Of Sns A Person Will Likely Use1545 Words   |  7 Pagesof literature on social networking sites (SNS) and the question of the impacts it has on sociality has increased significantly in recent years. As a result, greater levels of variable specification is required. Testing the relationships among key variables is important when trying to understand the influential impact of these technological forums. With a recent growth in SNS such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram there is a distinct lack of psychological theory relating to SNS use. Although researchRead MoreBenefits Of Social Networking Systems Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages3.2. Benefits of Social Networking Systems There are many benefits associated with social networking systems. Some of them are discussed below: 3.2.1. Media Literacy Traditionally, media literacy was taught in schools discussing its various aspects such as media ownership, censorship and advertising. However, today’s media networks which usually operate online require more complex understanding of digital work that is not generally taught in schools. It requires that individual learn and participateRead MoreWhy Sns May Affect One s Self Esteem And Well Being904 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough minor and misinterpreted, SNS might affect one’s self-esteem and well-being. Proceeding the argument about self-disclose, Gonzales and Hancockput (2011) suggest that honest self-presentation is positively associated with well-being since most of people who engage in self-disclose are interested in creating and maintain social ties. A study suggests that by engaging in honest self-presentation, people increase their social perspective and wider their need of social support. This indeed influenceRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On A Large Sca le Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction, is becoming less and less important as social media has provoked false senses of connection, which may lead to negative physical or psychological predicaments. Who is your primary audience or reader? Why? Be detailed in your answer about your audience. My primary audiences are employees responsible for the management of online content, and professionals in the field of Criminal Justice that have an interest in the risks of social networking. Parents of children and young people aged betweenRead MoreHow Older Participants Perceive Facebook1102 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalisation of social media, Facebook and other social networking sites (SNS), researchers have taken an interest in studying the nature of how people utilise SNS especially with regard to age disparities. However, there is a lack of qualitative research that investigates participants’ values and perceptions of SNS (Pfeil, Arjan and Zaphiris 2009). The purpose of this research is to explore this question by investigating the influence of age on participants perceptions of the SNS, Facebook. FacebookRead MoreSocial Networking: Does It Do More Good to Us Than Bad1063 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Networking: Does it do More Good to Us than Bad? Social Networking, a word so common among youngsters in the present has somewhat taken over their world. It has become so popular among the hip and young society of today, that it has become almost a way of life for them. Walk into any college computer lab in the US and you’re bound to see dozens of students logged onto a social network (SN). In the last few years with faster internet connections coming into service, the use of social networksRead MoreImpact Of Social Networking On Society950 Words   |  4 PagesAlmost everybody is aware of some impact social networking sites have had on their life. Whether one comes from the generation before the advances in technology, the generation during the technological advances, or the generation born into the world full of technology, it is all the same; technology has impacted their life. The impact, however, may either be positive or negative. With the way today’s social networking sites (SNS) are working, there seems to be more negatives ar ound than the positives

What is Gender Identity Free Essays

The human body is amazing. And even though there are many researchers that conduct studies on human anatomy, there are so many questions that are unanswered still to this day. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Gender Identity? or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what we do know has helped many people and continues to benefit certain theories that have been made over many centuries. One part of the human body that has lots of answered and unanswered questions is gender identity. There are many factors when it comes to gender identity. Some people think simply: Men act as men, women act as women, and man to be with woman. It has been thought to be the â€Å"right way† for many centuries. But people are all different and to think that one way is the right way would be a misunderstanding of how the body works and what can happen to the human body if something is out of tune. Gender identity can be defined as a person’s inner sense of being male or female. Gender identity is believed to be developed during early childhood an effect of how the child was brought up by parents and societal influences. When the child reaches puberty, the influences are reinforced by hormones. Is gender identity a result of nature of nurture? What are the biological factors that play a role in gender identity? What is the difference between how the male and female develop? Does nature or nurture play a bigger role in gender identity? This will all be discussed later on in this essay, along with some of the arguments about sexual identity and how evidence from biopsychology may help resolve these arguments. There are many roles that play a part in sexual differentiation, as well as gender identity. Some of those roles are tied to biological factors or nature and yet others may be linked to environmental influences or nurture. It is impossible to know all the details, but we do know a great deal of how the body of a male versus the body of a female. The role of biological factors is largely dependent on hormones in the body system, as well as genes, gonads, chromosomes, and anatomy. During childhood, levels of circulating gonadal hormones are low, reproductive organs are immature, and males and females differ little in general appearance (Pinel 2009). When a child reaches puberty, the body makes significant changes. These changes can be seen and even heard, but these changes are also different in a boy than in a girl. While both male and female have many similarities, both also have many differences within the body. The differences in chromosomes and hormones are what completes the natural evolution of a child into an adult and ultimately decides whether the sex of a person is male or female at birth. When speaking of hormones, most people will think of testosterone for men and estrogens for women. But in fact, women produce testosterone and men produce estrogen. The difference is the ratio in which the body produces these two types of hormones. Men produce more testosterone and women produce more estrogen. There are many differences like the example above in the bodies of male and female. Increases in the release of gonadotropic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone cause the gonads and adrenal cortex to increase their release of gonadal and adrenal hormones, which in turn initiate the maturation of the genitals and the development of secondary sex characteristics (Pinel 2009). Along with biological roles, it is also believed that the environment or surrounding of a person may be a factor of gender identity. Some of these nurture factors include one’s self-concept, social and political attitudes, and perceptions and relationships about other people. Family, peers, schooling, religious training, mass media, and popular culture are just a few of the agents through which gender socialization happens (Crossman, 2012). Through this evaluation, making a conclusion on which has more of an influence on gender identity, nature or nurture, is a hard decision to make. Reading and hearing of stories of people’s gender identity crisis has a pull towards nature, but nurture still has a big role in gender identity as well. Gender identity shapes how we think about others and ourselves and also influences our behaviors (Crossman, 2012). For example, gender differences exist in the likelihood of drug and alcohol abuse, violent behavior, depression, and aggressive driving. Gender identity also has an especially strong effect on our feelings about our appearance and our body image, especially for females (Crossman, 2012). Each of these can be linked both to biological and environment factors. The story that may have the most evident factor is the story of the twin that lost his penis. After losing his penis to a circumcision procedure, the doctor advised the parents to let doctors perform a surgery in which they castrate the boy and create an artificial vagina, and raising the boy as a female. The parents agreed, but it would later prove that their child was not acting or wanting to act as a girl. In fact, the child wanted to do things that a normal man would do and took no interest in any female activities, like playing with dolls. Even with treatment, the child still developed as a man would. When approached with an estrogen regimen at the age of twelve, the child refused not liking the changes of the estrogen. At fourteen, the now teenager decided to live as a male. Shortly after, the twin’s father decided to share the truth with his son. Now the kid could have an identity not only of himself but of his gender. He requested androgen treatment and surgery that would remove the breast and create a penis. The man regained use of his new penis with the help of androgen treatment, but was never able to reproduce children of his own. In the end, the doctors and parents could not change how the boy felt on the inside. Just how much influence does nurture have on gender identity? It could just depend on the situation in itself. There are many arguments that surround gender identity. Theorists have come up with their own opinions and views regarding gender and the why gender inequality exist. Functionalist theorists argue that men fill instrumental roles in society while women fill expressive roles, which works to the benefit of society (Crossman, 2012). Further, it is our socialization into prescribed roles that is the driving force behind gender inequality. For example, these theorists see wage inequalities as the result of choices women make, which involve family roles that compete with their work roles (Crossman, 2012). Symbolic interactionists look at gender from the micro perspective and examine gender stratification on a day-to-day level. For example, men are more likely to interrupt women in conversations and their workspaces generally reflect greater power. These theorists also focus on how gender roles are internalized by males and females (Crossman, 2012). Conflict theorists view women as disadvantaged because of power inequalities between women and men that are built into the social structure. For example, from this viewpoint, wage inequalities that exist between men and women result from men’s historic power to devalue women’s work and benefit as a group from the services that women’s labor provides (Crossman, 2012). Feminist theory emerged out of the women’s movement and aims to understand the position of women in society for the sole purpose of improving their position in society. There are four major frameworks that have developed out of feminist theory: liberal feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism, and multiracial feminism. People will always have their own opinion about gender (Crossman, 2012). There may never be a way to solve these arguments, not until there is scientific proof or people can decide on which opinion they believe is all true. Gender identity is one’s sense of being male or female. Both biological (nature) factors and environment (nurture) influences play roles in both sexual differentiation and gender identity. Hormones are the biggest biological factor and the biggest environment influence is how one is brought up in their childhood. During the evaluation, I have thought about nature being more of a factor when it comes to gender identity, but have come to the conclusion that it may depend on the situation of a person. Through the years of research, many people have argued over gender identity and gender inequality. Theorists have formed many opinions surrounding gender identity and unless there is some kind of scientific proof the argument may continue. References Pinel, J. P. J. (2009).  Biopsychology  (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Crossman, A.  (2012).  About.com.  Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Disciplines/a/Sociology-Of- Gender.htm How to cite What is Gender Identity?, Papers

Gays In The Military Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Homosexuals In The Military Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Don # 8217 ; t Ask Don # 8217 ; t Tell # 8221 ; and How It # 8217 ; s Affected the Military For about 50 old ages, it has been the U.S. military # 8217 ; s official policy to except homophiles from service. In November 1992, President # 8211 ; elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to raise the military # 8217 ; s long # 8211 ; standing prohibition on homosexuals and tribades. We will write a custom essay sample on Gays In The Military Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Homosexual work forces and adult females, he said, should non be prevented from functioning their state based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional resistance to raising the prohibition. General Colin Powell, so # 8211 ; president of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Senator Sam Nunn, who was president of the Senate Armed Forces Committee between 1987 an 1994 and left Congress in 1996, announced that they would seek to barricade his efforts to raise the prohibition. For the following six months, argument raged over what to make about the military # 8217 ; s prohibition on homosexuals and tribades. Clinton # 8217 ; s broad protagonists wanted him to follow through on his promise to raise the prohibition, pressing the demand to stop favoritism against homosexuals and tribades. Conservatives, military leaders and some lawgivers of both parties argued that the presence of declared homophiles in the armed forces would be damaging to military preparedness. They said that allowing homosexuals and tribades serve would destruct all morale and gnaw good subject and order. Ban oppositions maintained that cheery people were capable work forces and adult females who should be allowed to function their county. In July 1993, a via media policy was struck between protagonists and oppositions of the prohibition. The via media, known as # 8220 ; wear # 8217 ; t inquire, wear # 8217 ; t state, # 8221 ; allowed homosexuals and tribades to function in the military every bit long as they did non proclaim their homosexualism or engage in homosexual behavior. Under the policy, military commanding officers would non seek to happen out the sexual orientation of the forces, and homosexual and sapphic forces would non unwrap their sexual orientation. The policy marked a alteration from past pattern in that merely being homosexual was no longer a disqualifier for military service. Conservatives saw the alteration as a too bad relaxation of the absolute prohibition on cheery people. Liberals were dissatisfied because the new policy still allowed the military to throw out homosexuals and tribades if they revealed their orientation. While some progressives disagree with the policy, reasoning that it punishes homosexuals and tribades for prosecuting in the same sorts of behaviour that straight persons are free to prosecute in, they maintain that military leaders should at least abide by the policy and stop their # 8220 ; enchantress Hunts # 8221 ; for homosexual people. Many see the right to function openly in the military as a cardinal civil right for homosexuals and tribades. Groups such as the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network ( SLDN ) and the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) have supported cheery service members in legal challenges to the policy. In 1997 SLDN documented 563 misdemeanors of the policy. The Clinton disposal and military leaders defend the current policy and the manner it has been enforced. They argue that leting cheery people to function openly would harm military preparedness by destructing military personnels # 8217 ; morale and interrupting order and subject. Policy guardians argue that the armed forces is a particular establishment that holds itself to stricter regulations than those observed by the remainder of society. Because the armed forces must carry through the important mission of supporting the U.S. and its Alliess, they say, its leaders # 8217 ; positions on how to accomplish optimum preparedness should be respected. Pentagon functionaries say that while they believe the current policy is working good, they will look into instances of alleged maltreatment. Gay people have non ever been barred from military service, and in fact, have served in the state # 8217 ; s wars throughout its history. The military # 8217 ; s official stance toward homosexuals and tribades has evolved over clip, frequently in tandem with societal alteration. In the 1920 # 8217 ; s and 1930 # 8217 ; s, homosexualism was treated as a condemnable discourtesy, punishable by imprisonment. That attitude began to alter in the early 1940 # 8217 ; s, when homosexualism came to be viewed as treatable mental unwellness. As the state prepared to come in World Wa R II, military leaders consulted head-shrinkers on the issue of homosexuals and tribades. In 1943, head-shrinkers helped them compose ordinances that barred cheery people from military service. It was non until 1973 that the American Psychiatric Association announced that it no longer classified homosexualism as a mental unwellness. In 1950, those ordinances officially became portion of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Article 125 of that jurisprudence, an anti # 8211 ; sodomy legislative act, prohibits unwritten or anal sex by any service members. During the 1950s, at the tallness of concerns over the spread of Communism around the Earth, military leaders began to see cheery people as # 8220 ; security risks. # 8221 ; It was believed that foreign powers could more easy turn homosexuals and tribades against their state than straight persons since threatened revelations about their personal lives could be used to blackjack them. The 1960s and 1970s proverb progressively rigorous policies enacted against homosexuals and tribades, although in rare instances openly gay forces were allowed to function. Prior to World War II, commanding officers had been given broad latitude in make up ones minding whether to dispatch cheery military personnels, leting virtue and good service to be considered. In the decennaries following the war, nevertheless, even as the homosexual # 8211 ; rights motion gained steam in society at big, military policies became more rigorous. Automatic ejection from the forces had become the norm by the late seventiess. In the 1980s, the ejection of known homosexuals and tribades from the armed forces became compulsory. W. Graham Claytor, deputy defence secretary under President Jimmy Carter, saw to it that Pentagon policy stated that # 8220 ; homosexualism is incompatible with military service. # 8221 ; In 1982, that statement was incorporated into a presidential directive mandating homosexuals # 8217 ; dismissal. Throughout the 1980s, concerns about the spread of AIDS further solidified some military leaders # 8217 ; resistance to leting cheery people to function. The directive remained in topographic point until 1994, when it was supersede by the # 8220 ; wear # 8217 ; t inquire, wear # 8217 ; t state # 8221 ; policy. Between 1980 and 1990, the armed forces discharged an norm of 1,500 service members yearly because of their homosexualism. Defenders of the # 8220 ; wear # 8217 ; t inquire, wear # 8217 ; t state # 8221 ; policy argue that the military must make what it needs to keep the strongest possible contending force. In order to transport out that duty, they say, military leaders must hold the authorization and discretion to put regulations as they see fit to maintain up morale and maintain order. On the issue of cheery people # 8217 ; s service, they say, if military commanding officers maintain that leting homosexuals and tribades to function openly would be damaging to morale and train, so tribunals and public should esteem that determination. Defenders of the prohibition and of the military # 8217 ; s current policy difference the impression that military forces should be afforded the same constitutional protections as civilians. Policy protagonists maintain that the armed forces is a alone establishment with its ain set of regulations. Oppositions of the current policy believe that while the armed forces may hold a particular position in society, tribunals still can non allow it to go against the Constitution. Many homosexual # 8211 ; rights militants and other perceivers view the issue of the intervention of homosexuals and tribades in the military as one of clear # 8211 ; cut favoritism. As the state largest employer, they say, the armed forces should non be allowed to know apart against people based on sexual orientation. Furthermore, they say, the military serves as a symbol for the remainder of society. If the federal authorities itself discriminates against homosexual people, they say, that sends a powerful message to other employers and to society at big I # 8217 ; ve discovered in making this study that some resistance to gay people # 8217 ; s military service is based on moral concerns. I feel that many people believe that homosexualism is incorrect and do non desire the federal authorities to look to excuse it by leting homosexuals and tribades to function openly. Some perceivers point out that homosexual people have non yet been to the full accepted and integrated into society at big. They say that inquiring the armed forces to accept homosexuals and tribades is merely inquiring excessively much.

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay Example For Students

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay mmune SystemINTRODUCTIONIn order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human immune system, it is firstly necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive immune responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators will be differentiated between and a selection of new and often experimental drugs belonging to each category will be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research. INNATE IMMUNITYInnate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non-specific, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most abundant in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller Renwick, 1994 ). We will write a custom essay on The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Examples of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The nature of lymphocyte stimulation will determine which class of immunoglobulin will be produced (Waller Renwick, 1994). The role of complement antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. al., 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. al., 1994). These functions are achieved mainly via complements ability to attract leukocytes (Lessof, 1993). The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack. Memory cellsOnce the antigens have been destroyed the plasma cells disappear leaving a few as memory cells which enable a swift response upon second exposure to the antigen (Trounce, 1997). Memory cells are the basis of active immunisation against bacteria (Downie et. al., 1994). Humoral immunity is most efficient against antigens dissolved in body fluids, that is extracellular pathogens, primarily bacteria whereas cell-mediated immunity is most effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCell-mediated immunity is mainly concerned with T-lymphocytes. It is this form of immunity that is thought to be responsible for tissue transplantation rejection (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). T-cells possess receptors upon their surface which recognise antigens, these receptors are similar to the antibodies released by B-cells. Upon contact with an antigen, T-cells produce memory and effector cells as do the B-cells. However, T-cells produce a variety of effector cells (Downie et. Al., 1995). TC-cells ; TH-cells The cells produced are mainly Cytotoxic cells (TC-Cells or CD8+) or Helper cells (TH-cells, or CD4+). TC-cells recognise and destroy virally infected host cells, hence they are also known as killer-cells (Trounce, 1997). It is also thought that cancerous cells can be destroyed by the same mechanism (Dale et. al. ,1994). TH-cells release lymphokines which activate local macrophages (Waller ; Renwick, 1994). Meaning big eaters macrophages engulf micro-organisms and secrete lysosomal enzymes, complement components and some lymphokines (Dale et, al., 1994). IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IMMUNOMODULATIONBy providing an overview of the adaptive immune responses it becomes apparent that two areas of pharmacological enquiry are of interest: immunosuppression and immunomodulation. The former concept involves developing agents that suppress the immune responses. This area is important in the treatment of organ and tissue transplant rejection and also the treatment for certain diseases resulting from immune system irregularities. The latter area involves agents that augment or alter certain components of the immune system and are therefore important in cancer and AIDS management (Katzung, 1998). NEW IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTSThe prototype immunosuppressant, cyclosporine was discovered in the 1970s Almost three decades later there is much investigation into the development of novel more effective immunosuppressive drugs (Dale et. al., 1994). Traditionally immunosuppressants have been shown to be important in prolonging the life of transplanted organs. However, purely by their nature they greatly weaken the patients defence mechanism and therefore increase the risk of infection by opportunistic pathogens (Downie et. al., 1995). Traditional thinking advocates these drugs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases where the immune system produces antibodies against various self tissues (Trounce, 1997). However, new approaches (to be discussed later) prefer the use of immunomodulators to treat these disorders. Unfortunately many immunosuppressants are non-specific and lead to therapeutic inconsistencies that produce a wide range of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations between diff erent individuals (Kahan, 1999). Thus the latest drugs are being developed with more specificity in mind. A selection of these new drugs including mycophenalate mofetil, thalidomide, sirolimus and 15-deoxyspregualin, will be provided and their mechanisms of action, when understood, described. Mycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate Mofetil (MM) is a newly developed immunosuppressant which has been proven to be promising in the management of organ transplantation. Introduced in 1997, MM has been mainly utilised in kidney transplantation treatments in conjunction with cyclosporine and corticosteroids (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). When used in the combination described, MM has substantially reduced the incidence of kidney rejection within the first six months following transplantation (Nutley, 1995). This new drug has also been the subject of studies involving liver transplantation where it proved to reduce the incidence of rejection when combined with tacrolimus and steroids without increasing the risk of secondary infections (Jain et. al., 1997). In comparative trials with azathioprine, MM has proved to be more selective and effectively decreases episodes of rejection in renal transplant patients (Barron, 1996). In animal studies MM has been used successfully for heart and pan creatic cell transplantation but further trials are needed to prove efficacy before use on human patients. (Saltiel, 1994). Other recent studies involve the use of MM to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Dureza et. al., 1999). Isolated from the mould penicillum glaucum (Katzung, 1998), MM, brand name cellcept, has greatly improved the ratio of immunosuppressive activity versus side effects (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). Administered orally, MM is hydrolysed to the active metabolite mycophenolic acid in the liver and gastro-intestinal tract and excreted by the kidney in urine. (Barron, 1996). By inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis via only the de nova pathway, MM can selectively inhibit T and B-cell activity (Saltiel, 1994). The result of this action leads to the prevention of T and B-cell proliferation, the inhibition of antibody formation, and the reduction of leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites common in graft rejection. .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postImageUrl , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:visited , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active { border:0!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice's Journey to Find Her Identity EssayThe adverse effects associated with MM are mainly gastro-intestinal and include nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting (Barron, 1996) thus use in patients with known gastro-intestinal complaints should be carefully considered. As with all immunosuppressants, there may be an increased risk of secondary infection but MM does not appear to be a greater threat in this regard compared to the older more conventional drugs. It is as yet unknown if MM may be teratogenic in humans as it has been in some animal studies thus use in pregnancy is ill advised unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the unborn child (Barron, 1996 ). It has also been noted that there is an increased risk of the development of lymphoma and other malignancies with MM treatment which is again common with many of the immunosuppressants (Nutley, 1995). This new drug certainly appears to present less side-effects when compared to traditional immunosuppressive agents. The major drawback associated with MM is the high cost: almost five times that of the traditional immunosuppressant azathioprine. However, considering that one half of kidney transplant patients experience acute episodes of rejection during the first year after transplantation (Nutley, 1995) it would appear that the cost could be well spent in terms of the saving of lives and prevention of suffering. 15-deoxyspergualin15-Deoxyspergualin (DSG) is isolated from bacillus laterosporus and has been successful in the prevention of renal transplant rejection, and may also be beneficial in heart and pancreatic transplantations (Katzung, 1998). Recent studies have shown DSG to have a unique ability among immunosuppressive drugs to reduce long-term survival and functional tolerance of discordant islet xenografts (Thomas et. al., 1995). The potential of DSG as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is also being investigated (Tepper et. al., 1995). Indeed, DSG is proving more effective than tacrolimus (Grebenau, 1999) and less toxic than aziathropine (Thomas, 1995). The mechanisms of action are not entirely understood but appear to result from the suppression of both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (Tepper et. al., 1995). It appears that this new drug needs further rigorous testing but possible future applications particularly in xenografts seem to be encouraging. SirolimusSirolimus (rapamycin) is relatively similar to the more traditional immunosuppressants: tacrolimus and cyclosporine. However, it is much more potent and has distinct uses in the management of kidney and heart allografts (Katzung, 1998). Again, the possibilities of sirolimus as treatment for autoimmune diseases is currently being investigated (Grebenau, 1999) and the drug is currently in phase three trials. The mechanism of action is through cytokine signals which are required for T-cell proliferation (Valantine Schroeder, 1995), that is, Sirolimus acts as a T-cell inhibitor when used in combination with cyclosporine and steroids (Bertolatus, 2000). Major side effects include increased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) and thrombocytopeania (decreased platelet count) (Kelly, et. al., 1997). ThalidomideThalidomide has a problematic history as it produced severe teratogenic effects when used to alleviate diarrhoea and nausea in pregnant women. However, it has since emerged as an immunosuppressant particularly useful in treatments to prevent lung transplant rejection (Katzung, 1998). Thalidomide may also prove beneficial in the treatment of HIV patients particularly those suffering from chronic weight loss as it increases the immune chemical, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (Kahan, 1999).However, mechanisms of action are not further understood and may involve a change of T-cell response to antigens (Katzung, 1998). Treatment of leukaemia is another area of possible thalidomide use (Grebenau, 1999). Obviously, this drug must not be used in the treatment of pregnant women and may also cause side-effects such as drowsiness and skin rashes (Kahan, 1999). Antibodies as immunosuppressantsMilstein and Kohler increased the pharmacological use of antibodies as immunosuppressants via hybridoma technology. This concept involves the fusing of antibody-forming and plasmacytoma cells to produce the required antibody for cloning (Katzung, 1998). The implications of such technology are far-reaching as specificity will be greatly increased using these monoclonal antibodies. As yet studies into treatments for multiple sclerosis using this technology have been inconclusive but appear to be fraught with unintended side effects (Panitch, 1996). Antilymphocyte antibodies have been utilised early after organ transplantation and have had beneficial short term effects but the long term outcomes have been disappointing (Valantine ; Schroeder, 1995). IMMUNOMODULATIONThe immunomodulation branch of pharmacology involves boosting the immune system rather than suppressing it, by using agents to augment the immune response. The potential uses of immunomodulation include the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infectious diseases, cancer and AIDS (Katzung 1998). Many cancer patients do not die directly from their cancer but from a secondary infection. It has also been discovered that in the United States of America sixty-five million people suffer from a dysfunctional immune system which can lead to chronic viral infections, AIDS, cancer and autoimmune diseases (Beardsley, 1997)Immmunomodulation ; autoimmune diseaseTraditionally, it has been thought that stimulating the immune system will be harmful for sufferers of autoimmune disorders as it will exacerbate the bodys attack upon self cells. However, recent research suggests that autoimmune diseases maybe due to the dysregulation of the immune system, and that poor thymus functioning results in T4Helper cells losing control of humoral immunity so that antibodies lose their specificity and attack host cells (Beardsley, 1997). Thus immunomodulation in this area could be highly effective. It must be stated that this is merely a theory and that extensive testing is still needed in this area before such drugs can be used safely to treat these disorders. It would appear that immunomodulation is a new and exciting area to be explored with many potential benefits. A selection of these new drugs including levamisole, thymic peptides, roquinimex, and cyclophosphamide will be described in more detail. LevamisoleLevamisole (eramisole) is an immunomodulating agent administered orally with the effect of increasing the number of T-cells. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Hodgkins disease, and is approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer after surgery. Recently, levamisole has been tested in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with some efficacy. The side effects involved include mild nausea, stomach pain, dizziness, headache and fatigue (Katzung, 1998). It would appear that there is insufficient research concerning this drug, thus the likelihood that it will be marketed for clinical use in the near future is markedly reduced. Thymosin other thymic peptidesThymic activity is critical to T cell maturation, only mature cells can effectively combat cancer cells and infectious agents. Thymosin conveys specificity to immature lymphoid stem cells and therefore increases the number of active T-cells (Katzung, 1998). However, it has not been yet approved by the FDA (Beardsley, 1997) despite its successes in trials in treatment of diseases of T-cell deficiency such as DiGeorges syndrome (Katzung, 1998). Thymic protein A has proved beneficial in the treatment of hepatitis C, cancer and certain immune disorders via the stimulation of the cell mediated immune system (Beardsley, 1997). Thymopentin and Thymic humoral factor have also been used to treat AIDS as well as cancer and hepatitis. However, other trials suggest that thymosin may stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system, resulting in an increase of serum corticosteroids and the decrease of thymic hormone production. Therefore the impairment of the immune functioni ng will result from thymic treatments rather than the intended increase of the immune response (Bard et. al., 1990) Such new immunomodulators certainly need extensive research before a more suitable form can be identified. CyclophosphamideCyclophosphamide (cytoxan, neosar) is traditionally an immunosuppressant used to suppress a variety of humoral and cell-mediated immune functions (Dale et. al., 1994). However, new developments have proved the immunomodulating function of the drug. Low doses given prior to immunisation with a tumour vaccine can augment the immune response (Katzung, 1998). As such, cyclophosphamide can be used to treat Hodgkins disease, lymphomas, leukemias and other tumours. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be treated by the immunomodulating features of this drug which can be achieved at higher doses than are necessary for immunosuppression (Shorthouse, 1996). Recently, this drug has been used in trials to treat chronic -progressive multiple sclerosis. However, the be nefits proved to be inadequate in balance with the side-effects which included hair loss, fever, oral ulcers (Panitch, 1996), nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anorexia (Shorthouse, 1996). Teratogenic effects make the drug unsuitable for pregnant or breast feeding women and long term toxicities include bladder cancer and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (Panitsh, 1996). In conclusion it appears cyclophosphamide may have some benefit in short-term immunomodulation, particularly as a cytotoxic agent, but long term, high doses will produce a plethora of side effects. .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postImageUrl , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:visited , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active { border:0!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Observation Report of A Child At Elementary School EssayTHC marijuanaTrials in the United States of America in 1995 have tested the use of marijuana in immunomodulation. THC is the component of interest in marijuana which has been demonstrated to enhance the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. The study has also found impairment of immunological functions in persistent marijuana smokers. However, the conclusion is that THC is an excellent tool for studying the mechanisms of immunomodulation, especially altered susceptibility to microbial infection (Friedman et. al., 1995) but further intensive study is needed. RoquinimexRoquinimex (linomide) is not an immunosuppressant, it activates lymphocyte and natural killer cells, therefore acting as an immunomodulator (Panitch, 1996). By stimulating a variety of B and T-cell functions it has been used to treat acute and chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis, with a marked reduction in relapses, disease activity and progression (Katzung, 1998). Although the mechanisms of action themselves are not fully understood it is thought that via activating T-cells these drugs stimulates the production of regulatory cytokines that suppress inflammation and prevent myelin deterioration (Panitch, 1996). Trials in prostate tumour treatment have proved that roquinimex is the most effective drug with a sixty-nine percent inhibition of tumour growth (Joseph ; Isaccs, 1998). Thus roquinimex is emerging as a promising new treatment for cancer and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONTo conclude, recent literature suggests that research into immunosuppression is more wide spread than in the area of immunomodulation. This newer concept certainly needs further investigation but has many potential benefits especially in the treatment of AIDS. Many other agents such as new vaccines and alternatives to antibiotics are being developed, unfortunately due to certain constraints they are beyond the scope of this review. As understanding of natural immune mechanisms is increased, further manipulation of the immune system will be possible. As the millennium begins it appears that the future of immunopharmacology is promising. REFERENCESBard, D.R; Knight, C.G. ; Page-Thomas, D.P. (1990) A Chelating Derivative of Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone As A Potential Imaging Agent For Malignant Melanoma AT ;a href=http://www.Biosyna.com/patent.htm;http://www.Biosyna.com/patent.htmBarron, K. (1996) Mycophenalate Mofetil (Cellcept) A New Immunosuppressant Agent AT ;a href=http://dacc.bsd.uchicago.edu/drug/bulletins/No196.html;http://dacc.bsd.uchicago.edu/drug/bulletins/No19 6.htmlBeardsley, T. R; Pierschbacher, M. ; Wetzel, G.D. (1997) Thymic Protein A: Its Development May Signal A New Tool For Rejuvenating Immune Function AT ;a href=http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag97/july_report97.html;http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag97/july_report97.htmlBertolatus, A. (2000) Renal Transplant Service: Research Protocol Summary: Sirolimus (rapamycin) Liquid Versus Solid Tablets Study AT ;a href=http://www.vh.org/Welcome/U/HCMedDepts/Surgery/OrganTrans/Sirolimus.html;http://www.vh.org/Welcome/U/HCMedDepts/Surgery/OrganTrans/Sirolimus.htmlDale, M.M; Foreman, J.C. ; Fan, T.D. (1994) Textbook of Immunoppharmacology (3rd ed.) Blackwell Scientific: OxfordDownie, G; MacKenzie, J. ; Williams, A. (1995) Pharmacology ; Drug Management for Nurses. Churchill Livingstone: EdinburghDureza, P; Appelbooma, T; Piraa, C; Stordeurb, P; Vrayb, B. ; Goldmanb, M. (1999) Anti-inflammatory Properties of Mycophenalate Mofetil In Murine Endotoxemia: Inhibition of TNF-a ; Upregulation of IL-10 Rel ease IN nternational Journal of Immunopharmacology Vol.21, Issue 9, pp581-587 AT ;a href=http://www.elsevier.com.80/inca/publications/store/5/1/8/?menu=contlabel=Keyword;http://www.elsevier.com.80/inca/publications/store/5/1/8/?menu=cont;label=KeywordFriedman, H; Klun, T.W; Newton, C. ; Daaka, Y. (1995) Research: Marijuana, Receptors ; Immunomodulation AT ;a href=http://www.sarnia.com/groups/antidrug/rltychck/receptors.html;http://www.sarnia.com/groups/antidrug/rltychck/receptors.htmlGrebenau, M. (1999) Advances in Transplant ; Immunosuppressant Drugs AT ;a href=http://www.armnet.com/mssm/sy283files/moran_p.html;http://www.armnet.com/mssm/sy283files/moran_p.htmlHoffmann, R.L. ; Jones-Reeder, S. (1998) Mycophenalate Mofetil (cellcept): The Newest Immunosuppressant INCritical Care Nurse Vol. 18, No. 3, June 1998, pp50-57Hopkins, S.J. (1995) Drugs ; Pharmacology for Nurses (12th ed.) Churchill Livingstone: EdinburghJain, A.B; Fung, J.J; Hamad, I; Rakein, J; Demetris, J; McMichael, J; I watsuki, S. ; Starzl, T.E. (1997) Prospective Randomised Trial of Tacrolimus ; Prednisone versus Tacrolimus, Prednisone ; Mycophenalte Mofetil in Primary Adult Liver Transplant Recipients AT ;a href=http://www.astp.org/abstracts97/ph179260.htm;http://www.astp.org/abstracts97/ph179260.htmJoseph, I.B.J.K ; Isaccs, J.T. (1998) Roquinimex Slows Prostate Tumor Growth Via Selective Inhibition of Macrophage Function AT ;a href=http://www.Slipnet/mcdavis/database/angiol82.htm;http://www.Slipnet/mcdavis/database/angiol82.htmKahan, B. (1999) The Use of Thalidomide for Treating AIDS Virus AT ;a href=http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2953/thalidomide.html;http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2953/thalidomide.htmlKatzung, B. G. (Ed) (1998) Basic ; Clinical Pharmacology (7th ed.) Appleton ; Lange: StanfordKelly, P.A; Gruber, S.A; Behbod, F. ; Kahan, B.D. (1997) Sirolimus, A New, Potent Immunosuppressive Agent AT ;a href=http://www,accp.com/pharmacotherapy/Abs17-6/1148.htm;htt p://www,accp.com/pharmacotherapy/Abs17-6/1148.htmLessof, M.H. (1993) Basic Components of the Immune System INMedicine International vol. 21, 1 Jan, 1993, pp1-5Mollnes, E. ; Harboe, M. (1996) Recent Advances in Clinical Immunology IN British Medical Journal 312: pp1465-1469Nutley, N.J. (1995) Press Release: New Agent to Prevent Kidney Transplant Rejection Now Available AT ;a href=http://www.transweb.org/news/press/archive/pr_cellcept.html;http://www.transweb.org/news/press/archive/pr_cellcept.htmlPanitch, H.S. (1996) Investigational Drug Therapies for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis AT ;a href=http://www.msnews.org/weinrebi.htm;http://www.msnews.org/weinrebi.htmSaltiel, E. (1994) New Immunosuppressive Drugs: Focus On Mycophenolate Mofetil AT ;a href=http://www.centerspan.org/pubs/news/sp94h.htm;http://www.centerspan.org/pubs/news/sp94h.htmShorthouse, R. (1996) Cyclophosphamide (cytoxan, neosar) AT ;a href=http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/network/access/drugs/cyclop.html;http://www.aidsinfo nyc.org/network/access/drugs/cyclop.htmlTepper, M.A; Nadler, S.G; Esselstyn, J.M. ; Sterbenz, K.G. (1995) Deoxyspergualin Inhibits Kappa Light Chain Expression in 707/3 Pre-B Cells by Blocking Lipopolysaccharide-induced NT-Kappa_Beta Activation IN Journal of Immunology Vol.155, No.05, pp2427-2436. Thomas, F; Pittman, K; Ljung, T. ; Cekada, E. (1995) Deoxyspergualin is a Unique Immunosuppressive Agent With Selective Utility in Inducing Intolerance to Pancreas Islet Xenografts. AT ;a href=http://www.insulinfree.org/immunabstracts/ecarolin2.htm;http://www.insulinfree.org/immunabstracts/ecarolin2.htmTortora, G.J. ; Grabowski, S.R. (1996) Principles of Anatomy ; Physiology (8th ed.) Harper Collins: New YorkTrounce, J. (1997) Clinical Pharmacology For Nurses (15th ed.) Churchill Livingstone: EdinburghValantine, H.A; Schroeder, J.S. (1995) Ten Recent Advances in Cardiac Transplantation AT ;a href=http://www.nejm.org/content/1995/0333/0010/0660.asp;http://www.nejm.org/content/1995/0333/0010/0660.aspWaller, D. ; Renwick, A. (1994) Principles of Medical Pharmacology. Bailliere Tindall: LondonBIBLIOGRAPHYBirchall, N; Orlow, S.G; Kupper, T. ; Pawelek, J. (1991) Interactions Between Ultraviolet Light ; Interleukin-1 On MSH Binding in Both Mouse Melanoma ; human Squamous Carcinoma Cells AT ;a href=http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm;http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htmBrazelton, T.R; Shorthouse, R; Huang, X. ; Morris, R.F. (1997) Efficacy of Immunosuppressive Agents Corresponds to their Ability to Maintain Graft Donor Phenotype in a Model of Chronic Lung Rejection :a Novel Mechanism of Immunosuppressive Drug Action? AT ;a href=http://www.astp.org/abstracts97/ph556623.htm;http://www.astp.org/abstracts97/ph556623.htmDuvaux-Miret, O; Stefano, G.B; Smith, E.M; Dissous, C. ; Capron, A. (1992) Immunosuppression In The Definitive ; Intermediate Hosts of the Human Parasite Schistosoma Mansoni by Release of Immunoactive Neuropeptides AT ;a href=http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm;http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htmGhanem, G; Verstegen, J; Libert, A; Arnould, R. ; Lejeune, F. (1989) Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Immunoreactivity in Human Melanoma Metastases Extracts AT ;a href=http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm;http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htmGore, M. ; Riches, P. (Eds) (1996) Im munotherapy in Cancer. Wiley: ChichesterHolman, M.J; Ahsan, N; Dhillon, S; OBrien, B. Yang, H.C. (1997) A Randomised, Prospective, Comparative Study of Tacrolimus Mycophenalate Mofetil Neoral Mycophenalate Mofetil in Kidney Transplantation AT a href=http://www.a-s-t.org/abstract97/ph281378.htmhttp://www.a-s-t.org/abstract97/ph281378.htmJoyce, D. Pederson, K. (1998) Immunopharmacology: Proposed Honours Prospects for 1998 AT a href=http://www.pharm.uwa.edu.au/aussie/honours/himmun.htmlhttp://www.pharm.uwa.edu.au/aussie/honours/himmun.htmlKahan, B. D. (1998) History of Immunosuppression AT a href=http://surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.htmlhttp://surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.htmlNijkamp, F.P. Parnham, M. J. (1999) Principles of Immunopharmacology AT a href=http://www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.htmlhttp://www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.htmlSchultze, J. Johnson, P. (1999) A Stimulating New Target for C ancer Immunotherapy IN The Lancet vol. 354, Oct. 9, 1999, pp1225-1226Stadtlander Drug Distribution Co. Inc. (1998) Investigational Immunosuppressants for Transplantation AT a href=http://www.stadtlander.com/feature/immunosuppren.htmlhttp://www.stadtlander.com/feature/immunosuppren.htmlSwope, V.B; Abel-Malek, Z; Kassem, L. M. Nordlund, J.J. (1991) Interleukins 1 Alpha 6 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha are Paracrine Inhibitors of Human Melanocyte Proliferation Melanogenesis AT a href=http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htmhttp://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm

The Scarlet Letter †Dimmesdales Dilemma

The Scarlet Letter – Dimmesdales Dilemma Free Online Research Papers Adultery was one of the worst sinful acts in Puritan times. As one of the Ten Commandments, this sin was punishable by death at extremes. Puritans believed that marriage was sacred and believed that illicit fornication would lead to corruption, and believed that these actions should be punished severely. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathanial Hawthorne, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale commit adultery. While Hester was caught and tried for her sin, Dimmesdale managed to escape accusation; therefore, he received no punishment for sinning and this troubles Dimmesdale to the point where he begins to punish himself for sinning. While confessing his sin would bring relief at first, Dimmesdale, in the long run would suffer more from this confession. Suffering from the guilt of not being caught for his sin, Dimmesdale is suffering both mentally and physically. Finding a way to lessen or eliminate this pain would make him a healthier person. Dimmesdale takes this emotionally pain and inflicts physical pain such as whipping himself and starvation to try to lessen him suffering. Until Dimmesdale tells the town of his sin, he will never be able to live with himself. If he were to tell the town of his sin a large weight would be lifted off of him and he would be able to return to his normal state of mind for a short time. This great relief would sweep over him and help to return him to the man he once was. If Dimmesdale no longer felt this guilt he would cease the self-inflicted pain upon himself thus making him a much healthier man. Relieving the suffering inside of him would bring a calm sense to this troubled man, but unfortunately it would not last. If he were to confess his sin, the scorn directed at Mr. Dimmesdale, the town’s pride and joy, by the town’s people would destroy him and he would slip back into his pit of anguish. Every day of his life, Arthur Dimmesdale would be reminded of his sin and would be told of a grim fate awaiting him in hell. This torture would be rough on any person let alone someone as holy as Dimmesdale. This new suffering would tear at him just as his prior guilt did; however, now instead of only his own judgment, Dimmesdale would have to face the entire town. The original reason the Arthur Dimmesdale feels that he needs to punish himself is the guilt he feels for his sin, but now he would plunge back into this despair. The new guilt he would feel would tear him apart, and he would begin to punish himself again. These habits will destroy Dimmesdale and would make him much worse off then he was originally. Telling of his sin is what would relieve Dimmesdale of his guilt for this horrible event that occurred; nevertheless, the new suffering Dimmesdale would feel will create more problems then he previously had. The unbearable scorn of the townspeople would be too much for Dimmesdale to handle and he would eventually lose all sanity. While he is punishing himself now, things can only get worse. Puritan beliefs on the issues of marriage and sex are very strict, but these views are very understandable from certain perspectives. To commit adultery is a horrible sin and it can ruin lives just as it did in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Research Papers on The Scarlet Letter - Dimmesdale’s DilemmaCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic Engineering

CBS news program Essay Example for Free

CBS news program Essay The broadcast news source that I watched was the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric, which was a half hour evening broadcast. Couric sat behind a desk, facing the viewer the entire time. The top stories on this broadcast were the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Kansas City tornadoes, and the â€Å"Make or Break† mission in Afghanistan. Each story received about five minutes of airtime. Couric narrated statistics of how much oil has leaked and the length of coastline that has been affected in Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico while live footage showed clean-up efforts taking place along the coast. The story was made relatable for the viewer by explaining that the amount of oil spilled is enough to cover all of New York City. It was lent credibility by an on-site reporter and correspondent that interviewed both local residents involved in the clean-up and with experts working to stop the oil leak. There was no attention paid to the source of the leak or to anyone being held responsible for the accident. The story about the tornadoes in Kansas City featured footage from a resident’s video camera of the funnel cloud approaching, along with local news footage of the damage to local homes and businesses. Couric, the on-site correspondent and a representative from the National Weather Service delivered their news in professional, almost formal tones. This gave the program the feel of being informed, but somewhat impersonal. The only statistics given were the death rate numbers, and the story ended by stating that more tornadoes were headed toward the area. Couric’s coverage of the â€Å"Make or Break† mission taking place in Afghanistan was the third top story. It discussed the efforts to reclaim the city of Khandahar from the Taliban and gave background information into previous operations in the war between the United States and the Taliban. In-depth explanations were given of where the US troops will go and what they will do. A correspondent reporting from the Pentagon made the story seem more credible, even as he explained President Obama’s reasoning behind the troop surge. The cable news source that I viewed was Fox News on the Fox News Network. It was hosted by Shepard Smith. This was also a half hour evening news broadcast. The top three stories on the show were the Kansas City tornadoes, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the theft of a memorial cross for World War I veterans from a Mojave Desert monument. Air time for each top story was about five minutes, similar to Couric’s program. Shepard Smith delivered all of his dialogue standing and was positioned at various spots throughout the broadcast, as opposed to Couric who stayed seated. There were fast graphics, upbeat background music, and a news wire line across the bottom of the screen delivering more headlines during the top stories, all features not included in the CBS broadcast. The story about the Kansas City tornadoes lasted about five minutes. In included local news footage shot by a Kansas City news program, an in-studio commentator and weather expert that discussed the tornado system with Smith, and footage of local survivors describing what they had seen and heard and detailing the damage to their personal property. Statistics about deaths and injuries were given, and the segment ended with Smith saying that another storm system was on its way. When discussing the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Smith delved deeper into the Capital Hill investigation of BP, Transocean, and Halliburton in the attempt to determine which company was responsible for the accident. There was also more attention given to the tanker explosion that caused the accident and there was mention of the crew that died in the explosion, information that was not included in the CBS news program. This made the Fox coverage of the oil spill seem more informed and more personable. It was made more personable by Smith’s opinion that someone should be held accountable. The story about the World War I monument being stolen seemed more of a human interest story, and it was interesting that this was made a top story on the program. In discussing the theft of the monument that had stood in the Mojave Desert since 1934, Smith talked with a veteran that was coordinating an effort to have the monument recovered along with a legal correspondent that explained the ongoing debate over whether the monument should be allowed to be erected in the spot in the first place. Overall, the basic layout of the programs was the same. Each top story was given about five minutes of air time and each featured on-site correspondents, experts, video footage, and interviews. The Fox News broadcast was made more engaging with more music, a host that moved around and stood while he spoke, offered jokes and offhanded opinions about the news stories, and in-studio correspondents to discuss them. The CBS broadcast was more serious and toned-down, with Couric being the only correspondent in the studio, tamer graphics, and no news wire. I feel that both proved ample credibility with their straightforward delivery of the facts. But I feel that the Fox News broadcast was more personable and relatable because instead of just showing footage of what’s happening right now like the CBS program did, Fox’s program gave more background information and opinions from more individuals to help the viewer understand the issues and the stories better. Similarities were evident for the basic purpose of news delivery, but the differences occurred because of a different attitude towards the viewer. CBS news program. (2016, Sep 11).

Fashion Industry Shaping Up With Inputs From Social Media Dissertation

Fashion Industry Shaping Up With Inputs From Social Media - Dissertation Example Undoubtedly, the most active trend of the present times, social media continues to evolve with each passing minute as the number of human beings adapting it increases manifolds. Not only does the number of human beings getting connected via social media increase but there are also extremely rapid advancements in the technologies upon which all the advancements are pioneered. After the advent of Internet a few decades ago it is now that all the activity is majorly focused on Social web and via it on the Social Media. This research is attempted to evaluate what social media is, what are the core concepts of fashion and how the internet has promoted and affected the fashion scenario. The integral position of social media and is its importance in terms of its structure, functioning and the challenges associated with it. The components of the web 2.0 are discussed along with the social media tools emphasizing particularly upon their influence with respect to the fashion industry. The grow ing and changing world of Social Media also immensely affects the marketing arena and proportionately the fashion scenario. Specifically the concept of e-business with respect to its integration with the social web and the fashion industry is discussed. Marketing and advertising are also developing new meanings in line with the development of social media across the globe. Social media is the most trending wonder of the present and the future. It has highly widespread boundaries and should be adopted in order to pace up in line with the developments of the modernized human society. Introduction: Thesis Statement: Fashion Industry shaping up with inputs from Social Media. The human society has turned upside down from what it was just a few decades ago. The advancements in information technology leading to the advent of the internet have completely transformed the way human beings live and what their priorities and preferences are. Terminologies like Web. 2.0, Virtual Socialization, S ocial Networking and Social Media are such common terms now that the thought of life without them cannot be imagined anymore. None of the forefathers of present day human beings could have ever anticipated that the world would transform so rapidly and to such a vast extent in the times to come. The inclusion and embedding of the social web platform has made the modern life of human beings devoid of in-person personalization. Much of the physical efforts done by man have been taken over by the machines and the internet has made life very flexible, up-to-date and highly technologized. Computing devices even as small as those the size of a human palm are an integral companion of each and every human being via which he stays connected to the rest of his friends without any hassle and restriction. The social networking arena posed by the internet is the most major attraction of the present day individuals. The real time connectivity that they offer and the ease of their use and maintaina bility have become the basis for the flourishing of Social Media world over. The tools of social media or the platforms that support it are quite

Marijuana and Its Legalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marijuana and Its Legalization - Research Paper Example Many people have different opinions and ideas regarding the use of marijuana. Some feel that it is a negative habit which causes very ill effects on people. Others feel that there is nothing wrong with the use of marijuana, and in fact it may even be beneficial in certain situations. These beliefs lead to different actions towards marijuana. Some choose to use it despite laws in their area that prohibit it, while others choose to stay away from it at any cost. This paper's aim is to provide objective, honest and fact-based arguments regarding the positive effects of marijuana, as well as provide effective arguments that support the legalization of marijuana. This document does not support the rampant and careless use of marijuana as a substance but instead promotes the legal and controlled use and distribution of marijuana, similar to laws governing alcohol and its use. This paper will discuss certain arguments that support the legalization of marijuana and divide the topics of argum ent as:†¢Ã‚  Introduction to marijuana and its effects†¢Ã‚  Effect of marijuana's legalization on the health industry†¢Ã‚  Effect of marijuana's legalization on economics and tax revenue †¢Ã‚  Effect of marijuana's legalization on crime †¢Ã‚  Some of marijuana's negative effects †¢Ã‚  ConclusionThe belief that marijuana has any beneficial effects to a user’s health has been argued for a very long time. Many people believe that taking marijuana has no negative effects on a person’s health, and according to altmed.creighton.edu, some medicinal uses of marijuana.

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay Example for Free

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay I would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report. I like to thank our HOD giving me permission to commence this report in the first instance, to do the necessary experimental work and to use departmental data. I am thanking to all our teachers who gave me the required knowledge, skill and a mental approach within the training schedule and encouraged the developing interest of ours in this field. I am bound to our Head of Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering also my training incharge Er. R. K. Sharma (HOD) for constant and stimulating support. I am thankful to everyone who supported me in our report work. I want to thank them for all their help, support, interest and valuable hints as well as for the close look at the final version of the report for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement. 1. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Here we use water as a fuel for vehicles which will replace fossil fuels. This system is pollution free. Water powered vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen for the propulsion of the vehicle. The speed of car using water as a fuel is 6 times faster than that using fossil fuels like petroleum, diesel etc as proved by Ohio State University, Honda, Ford, Renault – Nissan. If there just isn’t enough oil to go around, then let’s turn our energy needs to something that is overly abundant on the planet. Water seems like a good choice for an energy source, and many have tried. It looks like Genepax Co, a Japanese company, has been able to get a car to run on water. The engine gets its power by supplying water and air to the fuel and air electrodes. What’s really happening is that this is nearly a hydrogen powered car, but you don’t need to find the one or two lonely hydrogen refueling stations. Genepax has created what they call a â€Å"membrane electrode assembly† (MEA) that is able to break water down into hydrogen and oxygen using a chemical reaction. I’m not sure how it works exactly, and Genepax isn’t saying, but they claim their process can produce hydrogen for a longer time. My favorite part about this little car is that you don’t need to have a pressurized hydrogen tank sitting in the back of your vehicle. Forget about how difficult it would be to refuel, why would I want a bomb in my trunk? I’m far more comfortable with a few jugs of water that get split up during the driving experience. It’s really too bad that being in the northeast eliminates many of these smaller, energy efficient, cars from practical use. Although I did see an electric car yesterday†¦I’ll have to make a note to ask those people how it handles come the blizzards in December. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000, which puts this little car on the impractical list. But Genepax hopes that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. More than 70% of the Earths surface is covered by water and our planets fossil sources are getting lower each day. This is why a lot of scientists struggled to find a way to create a car that will only need water to run. The car will only take the hydrogen from a water molecule and the oxygen atom will be eliminated. This would also improve the worlds environment a lot. Hydrogen is a very powerful power source for engines because it burns very cleanly and it generates less heat in the process. A water powered car would take the hydrogen through a special separating process called electrolysis. Even though there were a lot of companies that tried to create water powered cars, these ones cant compete yet with contemporary cars and I think it will still pass a lot of time when well see a water powered car with the same performances as a car that runs with petrol. If cars that run only with water will ever get into production, their price will be too huge for an ordinary person and scientists are still struggling to reduce the cars costs. Still, there are some cars that could use water for fuel aside from the usual petrol. These cars are called water-hybrid cars and each car have a power generating system installed that let it extract power from water. Probably the biggest benefit for water powered cars comes from the fact that water is more abundant, easier to get and a lot cheaper than petrol or gas. So, even though a car that runs only with water will be a bit too expensive from start, it could save you a lot of money on the long run. Working It generally works on fuel cell conversion system. In this system, water is split up into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. Hydrogen produces electricity which helps in the propulsion of car and little bit oxygen is used to cool the engine and react with rest of the hydrogen to reproduce water for further use. In this way we can use this source for long time than fossil fuels. Here we can use some sort of boiler which make water pure. We can also make hydrogen by using the Hydro-Gen. The Hydro-Gen separates hydrogen gas from the natural hydrogen-oxygen mix in standard tap water which will result in us making hydrogen. A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar fashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of two methods: combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell: †¢ In hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, the hydrogen is combusted in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. †¢ In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce water and electricity, the latter being used to power an electric traction motor. Can a fuel cell take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen? In order for a car to take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen, electricity must pass though the water molecule and split it apart into hydrogen and oxygen. It then uses the hydrogen in the water to make energy. Can a fuel cell take in hydrogen and oxygen and put out water? The net reaction fuel cell can take in hydrogen and oxygen and releases water. The equation used to do this is 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O It is able to do this by giving the hydrogen a positive and the oxygen a negative charge so the two will attract and form water. Advantages Hydrogen will slowly take over from fossil fuels as the main source of power. It will do this because hydrogen is easier to obtain and it won’t pollute like fossil fuels. It is cheaper to make. This will help it a lot in the long run to replace fossil fuels. Fossil fuels will soon run out leaving us no choice but to switch. This is a huge reason for it to replace fossil fuels. By using petroleum, we are discharging the soil and water and causing acid rain to fall. This also brings about the chances of horrible climate changes. Disadvantages The only limitation is that the vehicle using this system is expensive only once at the time of purchase. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000 but some of the companies are saying that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. 2. Solar powered vehicles Introduction. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the energy input into the car (batteries and power from the sun). Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Like many race cars, the drivers cockpit usually only contains room for one person, although a few cars do contain room for a second passenger. They contain some of the features available to drivers of traditional vehicles such as brakes, accelerator, turn signals, rear view mirrors (or camera), ventilation, and sometimes cruise control. A radio for communication with their support crews is almost always included. Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. Aside from keeping the car on the road, the drivers main priority is to keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows the drivers team to monitor the cars energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving. Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. While the sun emits 1370 +/-3. 4% watts per square meter of energy, 51% of it actually enters the Earths atmosphere and therefore approximately 700 watts per square meter of clean energy can be obtained. [1] Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes, industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Procedure Photovoltaic cell When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Electrical systems The electrical system is the most important part of the cars systems as it controls all of the power that comes into the system. The battery pack plays the same role in a solar car that a petrol tank plays in a normal car in storing power. Solar cars use a range of batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), Nickel-Cadmium batteries (NiCd), Lithium ion batteries and Lithium polymer batteries. Many solar race cars have complex data acquisition systems that monitor the whole electrical system while even the most basic cars have systems that provide information on battery voltage and current to the driver. Mechanical system. The mechanical systems of a solar car are designed to keep weight and space a minimum while maintaining strength. Solar car engineers also have to take into account array space. Some solar car bodies consist of a metal frame on the inside and a composite shell on the outside. The metal frame is primarily for structural strength and driver safety, while the composite outer shell is primarily for aerodynamics and array space. Other solar car bodies use the monocoque design, where the body consists primarily of composites reinforced by metal tubing. Solar car engineers generally use titanium, steel, and aluminum for the metal tubing, and carbon-fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar for the composites. Material selection is based on strength-to-weight ratio, ease of manufacturing, and cost. Solar cars usually have three wheels, but some have four. Three wheelers usually have two front wheels and one rear wheel: the front wheels steer and the rear wheel follows. Four wheel vehicles are set up like normal cars or similarly to three wheeled vehicles with the two rear butts close together. Solar arrays. The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. [3] The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2. 6 hp). [pic] Cells,Modules,Arrays[4] The solar array can be mounted in several ways: †¢ horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy. †¢ vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to harness wind energy. [5] Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters and when the vehicle is pointing in the right direction. †¢ adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles. †¢ integrated. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells. Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded. †¢ trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles with little stability, e. g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries and others also the drive motor. †¢ remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the vehicle, power can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-connection however involves more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles and the battery must be larger. The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development. Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the cars body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar and Tefzel. Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent. Limitations challenges Fitting battery electric vehicles with solar cells would extend their range and allow recharging while parked anywhere in the sun. However, with present and near-term engineering considerations, it seems that the more likely place for solar cells will generally be on the roofs of buildings, where they are always exposed to the sky and weight is largely irrelevant, rather than on vehicle roofs, where size is limited. . Although, saying that, solar cell technology is starting to be used successfully in the powering of electric golf cars and utility vehicles. In the case of both building and vehicles, energy from rooftop panels can be stored in batteries for future use. While some inconveniences might cause challenges, there are limitations to using PV cell: †¢ Cost. While sunlight can provide a free clean source of energy, the creation of PV cells to capture that sunlight is expensive. In 2003, it was found that energy would cost $. 30kWh which is more than double that of residential electricity. †¢ Lifetime. Even though sunlight has no lifespan, PV cells do. The lifetime of a solar module is approximately 30 years. 3. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. While they are not in mainstream use yet, many schools have begun building the new technology and research into their curriculums to teach students and to get them active in the subject. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. Wind-powered electric vehicles include Ventomobile and Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero, as well as the Greenbird, which currently holds a world record for fastest Wind powered vehicle. Ventomobile [pic] [pic]. The InVentus Ventomobile racing at the Aeolus Race 2008 The Ventomobile is a solely wind powered lightweight three wheeler designed by University of Stuttgart students. It won the first prize at the Racing Aeolus held at Den Helder, Netherlands, in August 2008. [1] Matthias Schubert, Chief Technical Officer of the teams’ main sponsor REpower Systems AG, applauded the integration of the InVentus Ventomobile project into the coursework of the students: â€Å"The achievement of managing a big team over many months, and even making select construction tasks part of undergraduate teaching cannot be estimated highly enough! The enthusiasm the students show in renewable energies and the development of innovative solutions should serve the industry as an example for the development of new technologies. [2] Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero Unlike traditional racing, which focuses merely on the order of finish, Mercedes new concept introduces energy efficiency as an integral part of the competition . The Formula Zero Racer is loaded with technology designed to extract the maximum thrust from the electric hub motors, aero-efficient solar skin and high-tech rigid sail [3]. Greenbird Ecotricitys Greenbird vehicle, designed and piloted by Richard Jenkins, broke the land speed world record for a wind-powered vehicle in 2009[4]. â€Å"Greenbird recorded a top speed of 126. 4 mph (203. 4 km/h), and sustained a speed of 126. 2 mph (203. 1 km/h) for the required time of three seconds, beating the previous, American held, record of 116 mph (186. 7 km/h), set by Bob Schumacher in the Iron Duck in March 1999 at the same location. [5]. Working [pic]. Wind powered cars are one of the many possibilities for alternative transportation. After all, one ever-abundant source of green energy is the wind, which has been harnessed for travel in the past on the high seas. But can it become an efficient source of energy for travel on land? Let’s take a look at some designs for wind powered cars that may be the wave of the future: A team of engineers has set the land speed record for a wind powered vehicle at 126 mph. The Ecotricity Greenbird swept across the desert with a combination of technologies. Elements from racing yachts, airplanes and Formula 1 cars were all included in the Greenbird’s design. The car has two wings, one vertical and one horizontal. The vertical wing creates lift, much like an airplane’s wing, only instead of that force being applied to levitate the vehicle, it is used to propel it forward. The horizontal wing, which extends on only one side of the car, keeps it from leaving the ground. The body of the car is designed like a Formula 1 racer to minimize wind resistance. The end result is a sleek machine that can travel much faster than the wind is actually traveling. Although the Greenbird isn’t likely to turn up at your local dealership anytime soon, it can give you an idea of how wind powered cars might develop. Will the Ecotricity Greenbird be the design of the future? The â€Å"Ecotricity† in the â€Å"Ecotricity Greenbird† stands for the name of a British alternative-electricity company, and its founder, Dale Vince, is still working on options for wind-powered cars. At this time, the potential for wind-powered cars is unlimited. Perhaps the car could use a kite-like sail that drags the car across the road? Or maybe these cars could be outfitted with batteries that are charged using personal wind power or an at-home windmill? While the wind powered car may still be a thing of the future, present-day steps are being made to lay the foundation to make this clean energy source a viable way to travel. Bibliography www. wikipedia. com www. life123. com www. techon. nikkeibp. co.

Essay on Swifts Gullivers Travels and Orwells 1984 :: comparison compare contrast essays

Swift's Gulliver's Travels and Orwell's 1984  Ã‚     Ã‚   Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels and George Orwell's 1984, two of English literature's most important and pervasive political criticisms, have helped to mold world opinion by offering new viewpoints and attitudes, yet these two novels differ in their means of conveying their satire of human nature. Whereas Gulliver's Travels touches humanity with a humorous note and absurd situations, in order to reveal the public's hypocrisy and society's reprehensible behavior, 1984, in contrast to Gulliver's Travels, presents dismal and depressing circumstances which forebode a heinous future and threaten human existence.    On his quest to reveal the inconsistencies and follies of humankind, Swift first offers the readers an opportunity to laugh at themselves (disguised as a Lilliputians), yet later, the readers find these humorous portrayals underscored with scorching and harsh social and moral satire. Observing the Lilliputians struggle for power in the little wars that they fight, Gulliver laughs at what he considers a joke, but in reality he laughs at human beings and their petty disagreements as well as their obsessions. "There is a good deal of fun in Lilliput, and with Gulliver we are able to assume a certain superior detachment and amusement at the ways of the pigmies" (Davis 86). Another instance of entertainment for the bystander and reader occurs when the Emperor of Lilliput attempts to conquer the entire "world" (obviously not cognizant of a world much larger than his Lilliputo-centric sphere), and to overtake the navy of his mortal enemy. Still laughing and unsuspecting, Gulliver initially follows blindly during his stay, and completes all the tasks assigned to him, for he believes in the goodness of the princes. Not until Gulliver's disillusionment with the iniquity of the princes and emperor, and hence with human beings, does he refuse to follow orders. These initial feelings of blind trust seem comparable to the party members' unquestionable devotion towards Big Brother in the novel 1984. At the moment that the Emperor of Lilliput accuses Gulliver of treachery, Swift clarifies his satire, that the Lilliputians merely represent miniature humans. (Davis 87). Words, then, that the Emperor and his staff had previously used, such as "degenerate nature of man, the great laws of nature, the miseries of human life" break the mold of the Lilliputian world and apply universally to the state of all humans (Davis 90). This short-lived humorous storytelling, offers a glimpse at the ultimate misanthropic messages and subtleties, which underlie the novel.

Ethical Use of Tecnology in a Mordern Society Essay

As a result, there are more opportunities than ever for millions of individuals to engage with information technology in an unethical manner. This is why it is essential for the education systems and businesses to address the ethical concerns of information technology usage and to develop a practical code of ethics to prevent, or at least mitigate ,ethical dilemmas and infractions. In today’s organizations, ethical challenges relate to areas like fraud, right to privacy for consumers, social responsibility, and trade restrictions. For Information Technology (IT) specifically, these can translate to considerations on how technology is used to violate people’s privacy, how automation leads to job reductions, or how management information and its corresponding systems are used and abused for personal gain. I n the last 25 years, we have seen an overwhelming technology infusion affecting business, education, and society. Virtually all areas of our society have been transformed by the usage of technology. The change is important from an ethical perspective in terms of whose Information Technology (IT) workers are today and what their tasks are. In the 1980s, IT workers were mainly limited to technical fields, such as programming, data processing, server administration, and phone services. Today, IT workers are integrated into every department of organizations, they function globally, and they have access to a wealth of knowledge and information (Payne & Landry, 2006). With the power and skills to access such large amounts of data comes with the need for ethical employees. The computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CSPR) web site provides us food for thought when they state â€Å"Technology is driving the future, the steering is up to us†¦. nd we need every hand at the wheel† (Computer Professionals For Social Responsibility, 2007). So how do we prepare for taking the wheel as an individual working with Information Technology (IT) or Information Systems (IS)? A broader view of social responsibility is coming into focus; it is one that incorporates some real Information Technology (IT) flash points. Issues that have long been concerns of corporate technology managers, including security, privacy, and intellectual property, are increasingly understood as matters of ethics and good citizenship. This perspective is far from universal. The research of CIO (Chief Information Officer), a leading information technology trade journal, shows that while IT managers are very aware of â€Å"the larger effect of technology on people’s lives,† nearly half those surveyed say IT pros are â€Å"not very concerned† about it (Cones, 2008). This more global understanding of technology’s powerful role in society is not new. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, an organization which deals with related issues, was founded in 1983. Much has been written on technology’s impact on the way we live and work, including musings on the moral aspects of a wired society. But the sense that these issues encompass the day-to-day operations of corporate IT appears to be gaining popularity. According to Donald Amoroso, chair of the computer science and information systems department at Kennesaw State University in Georgia, it is a piece of the maturing of information technology. As the job becomes less about the technology itself and more about the information Age, the definition of responsible corporate citizenship changes too. Social responsibility has to do with being a good person in different parts of the community,† Amoroso says. It determines how you will function and do your job in a societal sense, not just as part of the community you do philanthropy with† (Cone, 2008). At the 2007 conference of the Information